| In order to understand the process of Reverse Osmosis Plant (R O Plant India) , one should first know what is meant by Osmosis. Imagine a hypothetical experiment as shown in figure1.1. A container is divided into two compartments using semi-permeable membrane. Semi-permeable membrane has a property of selective passage for certain substances i.e. this membrane allows only water to pass through, while salt and other components are rejected by the membrane. The left-hand compartment is filled with pure water. The right hand compartment is filled with a salt solution. |  R O plant India Photo |
| Pure water has higher chemical potential (or energy) when compared with the salt solution. Second law of thermodynamics states that the flow is always from higher energy to lower energy. Hence, the water flows from left-hand compartment to right hand compartment. This phenomenon of transport of water across semi-permeable membrane from low salt concentration to high salt concentration is called Osmosis. Due to Osmosis, the level of water in left-hand compartment falls, while the level of solution in the right hand compartment rises. Since the right hand compartment has higher head (or potential energy) now some water flows back from right hand compartment to left hand compartment. This flow in reverse direction is zero initially when both compartments have same levels, but it increases gradually with the increase in difference between heads (or levels) of the two compartments. After some time a stage is reached when the flow due to the osmosis and the reverse flow are the same. The levels in the compartments stop changing thereafter. This condition of dynamic equilibrium is called as osmotic equilibrium. The difference between heads of the two compartments at this stage is called osmotic pressure (refer to figure 1.2). Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of a solution. Numerically, approximate value of osmotic pressure is given as  If an external pressure equals to osmotic pressure applied on the right hand compartment, the flow of water due to osmosis is stopped and equilibrium is reached. The value of external pressure applied is directly proportional to the difference in concentration across the membrane. Fig. 1.3 describes some cases of equilibrium due to external applied pressure.   If the external applied pressure is further increased more than its value at equilibrium, a flow of water takes place from right hand compartment to the left-hand compartment. This phenomenon where water flows from higher salt concentration to lower salt concentration across the membrane is called as Reverse Osmosis. Fig. 1.4 shows a case of Reverse Osmosis. In the process of Reverse Osmosis pure water is extracted from a salt solution with a help of semi-permeable membrane and applied pressure. Hence Reverse Osmosis is used for producing water with low salt content from brackish or seawater. Product Description :: Features :: ›› Product flow rate 1.5 - 32 m3/hr ( 4.4 - 140 GPM)›› Salt rejection ranges from 90 to 98% depending upon feed water composition ›› Product recovery ranges from 50 to 80% based on feed water composition ›› Electrical 415V,3 phase, 50Hz ›› Concentrate discharge directed to drain at 'O' ring psi Applications :: ›› Ultra-pure water for electronic industry›› Ultra-pure water for pharmaceutical industries ›› Process water for manufacturing plants ›› Boiler feed water ›› Beverage and food processing industry ›› Drinking water ›› Waste water ›› Bio-technology ›› Mineral Water | |
